Self-aligned contact for trench MOSFET

ABSTRACT

A trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) includes an epitaxial layer over a substrate a first trench in the epitaxial layer and a second trench in the epitaxial layer. A depth of the first trench is different from a depth of the second trench. The trench MOSFET further includes a source region surrounding the self-aligned source contact, wherein the source region is convex-shaped. The trench MOSFET further includes a self-aligned source contact between the first trench and the second trench; wherein the self-aligned source contact is connected to the source region.

PRIORITY CLAIM

The present application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/792,025, filed Jun. 2, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD

This application relates to trench MOSFET technology and, more particularly, to trench MOSFET having self-aligned contacts.

BACKGROUND

The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced rapid growth. Technological advances in IC materials and design have produced generations of ICs where each generation has smaller and more complex circuits than the previous generation. Such advances have increased the complexity and challenges of processing and manufacturing of ICs.

Vertically-conducting trench MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors) can be used as power electronics. When a trench MOSFET is biased in the on state, current flows vertically between source regions and substrate. Reducing cell pitch of MOSFETs is crucial in reducing the device sizes and in increasing the number of active devices on a semiconductor chip. In addition, cell pitch also affect device performance, such as the resistivity between source and drain when the device is on (Rdson). Reducing cell pitch is limited by the manufacturing process technology, such the capability of lithographical tool in resolving minimum critical dimension and in aligning different patterning layers. It is within this context the following disclosure arises.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and like reference numerals designate like structural elements.

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 2A-2J shows structures and intermediate stages in a process flow for creating a trench MOSFET with self-aligned contacts, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows a top view of a power device using a trench MOSFET, in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) 100, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, trench MOSFET 100 is part of a power device, which operates at a voltage between about 1.8V to about 600 V. Trench MOSFET 100 has trenches 101, 102, and 103, with gate oxide 104 grown on the sidewalls of the trenches and the trenches being filled with gate polysilicon 105. Trench MOSFET can be a N-MOSFET or a P-MOSFET. For simplicity, the embodiments of trench MOSFETs described below are for N-MOSFETs. However, similar structures and methods of making said similar structures are applied to P-type trench MOSFETs. In addition, the substrate, where the trench MOSFET 100 is build, can have other device structures.

Trench MOSFET 100 is formed above a substrate region 150, which is doped with N type dopants (or an N+ substrate). The N+ (or highly doped with N dopant) doped substrate region 150 also acts as the drain for trench MOSFET 100. Above substrate region 150, there is an N-type epitaxial layer 160. Portions of trenches 101, 102, and 103 are surrounded by a P-type doped region 165. The polysilicon gate 105 in trench 101 is connected to gate metal 121 via contact 124 (gate contact). The source regions 115 connect to source metal 122 through contacts 125 (source contacts). The contacts 124, 125, gate metal 121, and source metal 122 are lined with an adhesion/barrier layer 124. Trench MOSFET 100 may include more trenches fill with polysilicon gates 105 that are similar to trenches 102 and 103. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, only two such trenches 102 and 103 are shown. In some embodiments, there are more than two trenches under the source metal 122. In some other embodiments, only one single trench 102 under source metal 122 exists (trench 103 does not exist). Trench MOSFET 100 includes source regions 115 between trenches 101, 102, and 103. When trench MOSFET 100 is biased to the on state, current flows vertically between source regions 115 and drain region 150.

The cell pitch of trench MOSFET 100 is “P”, which is the distance between two neighboring trenches 102 and 103, as shown in FIG. 1. To reduce cell pitch “P” to increase device density, the width of trenches, such as trenches 102 and 103, and width of contacts 125, and alignment control of contacts 125 to trenches 102 and 103 can be reduced. There are processing and integration concerns when the widths of trenches and contacts are reduced. However, if the contacts 125 are self-aligned, the alignment control allowance of contacts 125 to trenches 102 and 103 can be completely removed. As a result, forming self-aligned contacts allows cell pitch of MOSFET 100 to be reduced.

FIGS. 2A-2J shows structures and intermediate stages in a process flow for creating a trench MOSFET with self-aligned contacts, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 2A shows a N+ substrate (substrate doped with N-type dopant) 150 with a N-epitaxial layer (epitaxial layer doped with N-type dopant) 160 and a dielectric hard mask layer 110. The dielectric hard mask layer 110 forms the pattern to create trenches 101, 102, and 103. The dielectric hard mask layer 110 can be made of oxide, nitride, oxynitride, or a combination of above-mentioned films. In some embodiments, the dielectric hard mask layer 110 is made of PECVD (plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition) oxide with a thickness between about 200 Å (angstroms) to about 20,000 Å. After the deposition of the dielectric hard mask layer 110, deep trench etching (a silicon etch) is performed on the substrate to create trenches 101, 102, and 103. In some embodiments, the trench opening for trench 101 is larger than trenches 102 and 103 and trench 101 is deeper than trenches 102 and 103.

In some embodiments, the widths of trenches 101, 102, and 103 are between about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm. In some embodiments, the depths of trenches 101, 102, and 103 are between about 0.2 μm to about 40 μm. The aspect ratio (AR) of a trench is defined by the depth of the trench by the width of the trench. In some embodiment, the ARs of trenches 101, 102, and 103 are between about 1 to about 30. In some other embodiments, the ARs of trenches 101, 102, and 103 are between about 5 to about 15.

After deep trench etch, the gate oxide layer 104 is grown as shown in FIG. 2B, in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the thickness of the gate oxide layer 104 is between about 40 Å to about 2000 Å. In some embodiments, the growth of the gate oxide layer 104 is performed at a temperature greater than about 900° C. in an environment with oxygen, steam, or a combination of both. A sacrificial oxide layer (not shown) may be grown to line the trench and removed afterwards before the growth of gate oxide layer 104, in accordance with some embodiments. The growth and removal of the sacrificial oxide layer are used to condition silicon surface of trenches.

After the gate oxide layer 104 is grown, a gate polysilicon layer 105 is deposited to fill the trenches 101, 102, and 103. In some embodiments, the gate polysilicon is doped to increase its conductivity. The dopant may be phosphorous, in accordance with some embodiments. Other types of dopants may also be used. In some embodiments, a thick insulating layer 104 a, such as between about a few thousand angstroms to about several microns of oxide, is deposited on the bottom of trenches, prior to gate polysilicon deposition. The thick insulating layer can reduce gate capacitance. The thick insulating layer 104 a is included as an optional layer in FIG. 2B and omitted in subsequent figures.

After the gate polysilicon layer 105 is deposited, the excess polysilicon outside the trenches (including polysilicon deposited on top of dielectric layer 110) is removed by methods, such as etching (etchback). After etching, the gate polysilicon layer 105 in the trenches is below the surface of epitaxial layer 160 with a distance “D”. In some embodiments, the distance “D” is between about 0.1 μm to about 2.0 μm. In some embodiments, the gate polysilicon layer 105 above dielectric layer 110 (after gate polysilicon deposition) is first removed by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) before an etching (or etchback) process is applied to reduce the gate polysilicon layer 105 to a distance “D” below the surface of dielectric layer 110. The CMP processing before etchback allows the surfaces 114 of gate polysilicon layer 105 in the trenches 101, 102, and 103 be smooth, as shown in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 2C shows a thin oxide layer 108 covering the surface 114 of gate polysilicon layer 105 and the dielectric layer 110, but not the sidewall 117, in accordance with some embodiments. The thin oxide layer 108 is formed by first depositing a thicker oxide layer 108′ (not shown) on the substrate of FIG. 2B to cover the substrate surface. The intent of the thicker oxide layer 108′ is to cover the silicon surface 114 of gate polysilicon 105 with minimal deposition on the sidewalls of trenches. In some embodiments, the thickness of the thicker oxide layer 108′ is between about 200 Å to about 10,000 Å. The In some embodiment, HDP CVD process is used to allow minimal oxide deposition on the sidewalls. After the thicker oxide layer 108′ is deposited, an oxide etch, such as wet oxide etch using buffered oxide etch (BOE), is performed to remove oxide on the sidewalls of trenches 101, 102, and 103. During the etching process, the oxide layer above the gate polysilicon 105 is also thinned (or etched). After oxide etch, the silicon sidewalls 117 are exposed and a thin oxide layer 108 covers the gate polysilicon layer 105. In some embodiments, the thickness of the thin (or protective) oxide layer 108 covering the gate polysilicon 105 after etch is greater than 100 Å to protect polysilicon gate 105 from damage during subsequent substrate processing.

Following sidewall oxide removal mentioned above, an isotropic silicon etching is performed to create silicon undercut below hard mask layer 110. The isotropic silicon etching is timed to create a desired silicon width “W” between trenches 101 and 102, and between trenches 102 and 103, as shown in FIG. 2D in accordance with some embodiments. The silicon regions 109 with width “W” define self-aligned contacts at later operations.

Afterwards, the hard mask layer 110 and the protective oxide layer 108 are removed and a sacrificial oxide layer 126 is deposited, as shown in FIG. 2E in accordance with some embodiments. The oxide layers 110 and 108 can be removed by various processes, such as BOE wet etching. After oxide removal, a sacrificial oxide layer 126 is grown on the substrate surface with silicon or polysilicon. In some embodiments, the thickness of the sacrificial oxide layer 126 is between about 100 Å to about 1000 Å. In some embodiments, the growth of the sacrificial oxide layer 126 is performed at a temperature greater than about 900° C. in an environment with oxygen, steam, or a combination of both. After the growth of sacrificial oxide layer 126, a blanket substrate body implant with P-type dopant is performed. In some embodiments, the dopant is Boron and the dopant energy is between about 5 KeV to about 2000 KeV. In some embodiments, the dosage is between about 1E11 ions/cm² to bout 5E14 ions/cm². The implanted dopant is then driven deeper into the substrate by a thermal anneal (or a thermal drive-in process). In some embodiment, the temperature of the thermal anneal is greater than about 900° C. The thermal anneal can be a furnace anneal or a rapid thermal anneal. FIG. 2E shows the profile of P-type dopant region 130 after the implant and anneal are performed, in accordance with some embodiments.

Following the P-type implant, an N+ source implant is performed on the substrate, as shown in FIG. 2F in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the implant dopant is arsenic or phosphorus and the implant energy is between 5 KeV to about 200 KeV. In some embodiments, the dosage is between about 5E14 ions/cm² to bout 1E17 ions/cm². The N+ dopant implant is performed at an angle to make the dopant stay mainly near substrate surface. In some embodiments, the implant is performed at an angle a between about 30° to about 60° . In some other embodiments, the implant is performed at an angle “α” between about 40° to about 50° . During implant, the substrate is rotated to ensure the dopants are uniformly dispersed on the top surface of the dopant region 130 under the sacrificial oxide layer. FIG. 2F shows that N+ source dopant is implanted in regions 127, which are convex-shaped (with the convex surface facing the substrate surface). In some embodiments, the source regions 127 are above surfaces of gate polysilicon 105.

After source implant, a dielectric layer 131 is deposited and planarized to the silicon surface 132, as shown in FIG. 2G, in accordance with some embodiments. The planarized dielectric layer 131 fills the openings at the top of trenches 101, 102, and 103. Afterwards, a blanket silicon dry etching is performed to create self-aligned contact openings 135 and 136, as shown in FIG. 2H in accordance with some embodiments. The silicon region 133 between trenches 101 and 102 and region 134 between trenches 102 and 103 of FIG. 2G are etched to create contact openings 135 and 136 respectively, as shown in FIG. 2H. The contact openings 135 and 136 are created without lithographical patterning; therefore, the contact openings 135 and 136 are self-aligned. Afterwards, a P+ pickup implant is performed. P+ dopants (or high concentration of P dopants) are implanted into exposed silicon regions 138, as shown in FIG. 2H. In some embodiments, the widths of openings 135 and 136 are between about 0.1 μm to about 2.0 μm. The P+ pickup implant makes the source contacts ohmic contacts.

After creating contact openings, a photoresist layer (not shown) is applied on the substrate and patterned to create a gate contact opening (not shown), in accordance with some embodiments. The photoresist is removed afterwards. After the gate contact opening is created, the source contact openings 135 and 136, and gate contact opening are filled by an adhesion layer 139 and a contact metal layer 140. In some embodiments, the adhesion layer 139 is made of Ti/TiN (a dual layer) and the contact metal is made of CVD tungsten. The contact metal and adhesion layer outside the contact openings (or plugs) are removed afterwards, as shown in FIG. 2I in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the adhesion layer 139 and the contact metal layer 140 outside of the contacts are removed by an etchback process or by CMP.

After the contact plugs, 124 and 125, are formed, a dielectric etch stop layer 141 is deposited, as shown in FIG. 2J in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the dielectric etch stop layer 141 is made of nitride and has a thickness between about 100 Å to about 2000 Å. Afterwards, an inter-level dielectric (ILD) oxide layer 142 is deposited and planarized by CMP to a final thickness 146 above the contacts 124 and 125, also as shown in FIG. 2J. In some embodiments, the ILD oxide layer 142 can be deposited by a CVD process and has a pre-CMP thickness between about 5000 Å to about 25,000 Å. In some embodiments, the final thickness 146 above contacts 124 and 125 is between about 2000 Å to about 10,000 Å. After planarization of ILD oxide layer 142, a photoresist layer (not shown) is used to pattern the ILD oxide layer 142 to form metal trenches for metal deposition. After the metal openings are created, a metal layer 144 is deposited and planarized to leave the metal layer 144 only in the trenches. The metal layer 144 can be made of conductive metal with low resistivity, such as Al, copper, or a copper alloy. The metal layer 144 can be deposited by PVD, CVD, electroless plating, or electrochemical plating (ECP). The metal layer 144 above the gate trench 101 is also labeled as gate metal 121 and the metal layer 144 above the cell trenches 102 and 103 is also labeled as source metal 122.

If copper or copper alloy is used, a copper diffusion barrier layer 145 is needed to block copper diffusion. Examples of materials suitable to be used as the copper diffusion barrier layer 145 include, but are not limited to, Ti, TiN, Ta, TaN, or a combination of above-mentioned materials. If copper is deposited by ECP, a copper seed layer 147 is often needed. In some embodiments, the copper seed layer 146 is deposited by PVD.

Since the source contacts 125 are formed without lithographical patterning and alignment, the cell pitch “P*” can be smaller than the pitch P of FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the cell pitch for trench MOSFET 100′ is between about 0.4 μm to about 5 μm.

FIG. 3 shows a top view of a power device 300 using a trench MOSFET, in accordance with some embodiments. The trench MOSFET 100 described above is part of power device 300. FIG. 3 shows the gate metal 121 and source metal 122. FIG. 3 also shows cell trenches 102 and 103. Next to trenches 102 and 103, there are a number of cell trenches, such as trenches “m”, “n”, etc. Surrounding the gate metal is a termination trench 155 that isolate power device 300 from surrounding area. FIG. 3 further shows gate trench 101 and gate contact 124. The source contacts 125 are hidden under source metal 122 and are not shown. FIG. 3 also shows cell pitch “P*. Since there are numerous cell trenches, such as trenches 102, 103, m, n, . . . , etc., cell pitch “P*” needs to be kept small. Using self-aligned contacts as source contacts allow the pitch to be kept small, since the alignment allowance can be eliminated.

The process methods and structures mentioned above for creating a trench MOSFET enables self-aligned contacts to be formed to allow decreasing pitch size for trench MOSFET. The self-aligned contacts are formed by etching exposed silicon areas without using lithographical mask and alignment. As a result, the allowance for alignment can be saved and the pitch size can be decreased.

One aspect of this description relates to a trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The trench MOSFET includes an epitaxial layer over a substrate a first trench in the epitaxial layer and a second trench in the epitaxial layer. A depth of the first trench is different from a depth of the second trench. The trench MOSFET further includes a source region surrounding the self-aligned source contact, wherein the source region is convex-shaped. The trench MOSFET further includes a self-aligned source contact between the first trench and the second trench; wherein the self-aligned source contact is connected to the source region.

Another aspect of this description relates to a semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes a trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The trench MOSFET includes an epitaxial layer over a substrate, a first trench in the epitaxial layer, and a second trench in the epitaxial layer. The trench MOSFET further includes an oxide layer over the first trench and the second trench, and a source region below the oxide layer, wherein the source region is convex-shaped. The semiconductor device further includes an inter-level dielectric (ILD) oxide layer over the trench MOSFET and a source metal line in the ILD oxide layer. The semiconductor device further includes a self-aligned source configured to electrically connect the source metal line to the source region.

Still another aspect of this description relates to a trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The trench MOSFET includes an epitaxial layer over a substrate, wherein the epitaxial layer comprises an upper portion having a first dopant type and a lower portion having a second dopant type opposite to the first dopant type. The trench MOSFET further includes a first trench in the epitaxial layer and a second trench in the epitaxial layer, wherein a depth of the first trench is different from a depth of the second trench. The trench MOSFET further includes a source region surrounding the self-aligned source contact, wherein the source region is convex-shaped.

Various modifications, changes, and variations apparent to those of skill in the art may be made in the arrangement, operation, and details of the methods and systems disclosed. Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) comprising: an epitaxial layer over a substrate; a plurality of trenches in the epitaxial layer, wherein the plurality of trenches includes a first trench and a second trench, wherein a depth of the first trench is different from a depth of the second trench, and the second trench is adjacent to the first trench; a self-aligned source contact between the first trench and the second trench; a heavily-doped region in the epitaxial layer, wherein the self-aligned source contact is connected to the heavily-doped region; a source region surrounding the self-aligned source contact, wherein the source region is convex-shaped, the source region is separated from the heavily-doped region, and the self-aligned source contact is connected to the source region; and a first gate structure in the first trench, the first gate structure comprising: a first gate oxide over sidewalls and a bottom portion of the first trench; a first gate polysilicon at least partially filling the first trench; and an insulating layer on the bottom portion of the first trench between the first gate oxide and the first gate polysilicon.
 2. The trench MOSFET of claim 1, wherein a pitch between the first trench and the second trench ranges from about 0.4 μm to about 5 μm.
 3. The trench MOSFET of claim 1, wherein the epitaxial layer comprises an upper portion having a first dopant type and a lower portion having a second dopant type opposite to the first dopant type.
 4. The trench MOSFET of claim 3, wherein the first trench and the second trench extend from a top surface of the epitaxial layer into the lower portion of the epitaxial layer.
 5. The trench MOSFET of claim 3, wherein a dopant concentration in the upper portion ranges from about 5E14 ions/cm² to about 1E17 ions/cm².
 6. The trench MOSFET of claim 1, wherein the first gate structure further comprises a first top oxide layer over a top surface of the first gate polysilicon, wherein the sidewalls of the first trench are free of the first top oxide layer.
 7. The trench MOSFET of claim 6, wherein the source region is disposed above the first top oxide layer.
 8. The trench MOSFET of claim 6, wherein a thickness of the first top oxide layer is greater than 100 {acute over (Å)}.
 9. A semiconductor device comprising: a trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), the trench MOSFET comprising: an epitaxial layer over a substrate, a first trench in the epitaxial layer, a gate structure in the first trench, wherein the gate structure comprises: a gate electrode material, and a top oxide layer over the gate electrode material, a second trench in the epitaxial layer, an oxide layer over the first trench and the second trench, and a source region below the oxide layer, wherein the source region is convex-shaped, and a top surface of the source region is above a top surface of the gate structure; an inter-level dielectric (ILD) oxide layer over the trench MOSFET; a source metal line in the ILD oxide layer; a self-aligned source contact configured to electrically connect the source metal line to the source region.
 10. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the self-aligned source contact is between a first portion of the oxide layer over the first trench and a second portion of the oxide layer over the second trench.
 11. The semiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the self-aligned source contact comprises: a contact metal; and an adhesion layer between the contact metal and the oxide layer.
 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the contact metal comprises tungsten, and the adhesion layer is a dual layer comprising titanium and titanium nitride.
 13. The semiconductor device of claim 9, further comprising an etch stop layer between the ILD oxide layer and the oxide layer, wherein a thickness of the etch stop layer ranges from about 100 angstroms ({acute over (Å)}) to about 2000 {acute over (Å)}.
 14. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein the source metal line comprises: a source metal layer, wherein the source metal layer comprises copper or a copper alloy; and a barrier layer between the source metal layer and the ILD oxide layer, wherein the barrier layer comprises at least one of titanium, tantalum, titanium nitride or tantalum nitride.
 15. The semiconductor device of claim 9, further comprising: a gate metal line; and a gate contact passing through a portion of the oxide layer over the first trench, the gate contact configured to electrically connect the gate metal line to a gate polysilicon in the first trench.
 16. The semiconductor device of claim 9, wherein a top surface and a bottom surface of the source region are convex-shaped.
 17. A trench metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) comprising: an epitaxial layer over a substrate, wherein the epitaxial layer comprises an upper portion having a first dopant type and a lower portion having a second dopant type opposite to the first dopant type; a first trench in the epitaxial layer; a gate structure in the first trench; a second trench in the epitaxial layer, wherein a depth of the first trench is greater than a depth of the second trench; and a source region surrounding a self-aligned source contact, wherein a top surface and a bottom surface of the source region are convex-shaped, and the source region contacts the gate structure.
 18. The trench MOSFET of claim 17, wherein a channel of the trench MOSFET is oriented in a vertical direction.
 19. The trench MOSFET of claim 17, further comprising a third trench in the epitaxial layer, wherein a depth of the third trench is substantially equal to a depth of the second trench.
 20. The trench MOSFET of claim 19, wherein a pitch between the first trench and the second trench and between the second trench and third trench ranges from about 0.4 μm to about 5 μm. 